Improving participation in voluntary activities in Iran is important because increasing productivity among young people, given the country's young population, contributes to community sustainability. Therefore, a better understanding of volunteer motivation in Iranian youth is needed. The Volunteer FUNCTIONS Inventory (VFI) for assessing volunteer motivations has good psychometric properties and is adapted to several languages, but no validated Iranian translation yet exists. The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychometric Characteristics of voluntary FUNCTIONS inventory in members of Iranian Red Crescent Society. Sample size was 595 members of Youth Organization of Iranian Red Crescent Society from 31 provinces and 175 cities of Iran that were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method and responded to voluntary FUNCTIONS inventory. Data were collected using a demographic sample and voluntary FUNCTIONS inventory (VFI). Confirmatory factor analysis using principal components method was used for data analysis. The results of the present study showed that the voluntary FUNCTIONS inventory had validity and reliability. Also, the factor structure showed that 29 items and 6 factors well assess people's attitudes to volunteering, and the structure of this inventory was well-fitted and confirmed all goodness of fit models. The present study provides the use of the Iranian translation of the Voluntary FUNCTIONS Inventory (6 scales and 29 items) to assess volunteer motivation among young Iranian volunteers.

In this paper, an alternative approach in operational modal analysis is presented, utilizing image processing technique and transmissibility FUNCTIONS. Imaging sensors do not impose additional mass on the structure due to their non-contact nature, while transmissibility FUNCTIONS, independent of excitation type, can directly extract mode shapes. The innovation of this research lies in combining these two techniques to record dynamic responses and identify modal properties. To capture the temporal response history from video signals, the block-matching method with sub-pixel accuracy was employed. Validation was conducted by recording the response of the tip of a cantilevered steel beam subjected to impact excitation, using a high-speed camera and a laser vibrometer, simultaneously. The RMSE plots in the time domain and the PSD in the frequency domain indicate high accuracy of this method. Using this approach, the displacement time histories of various points on the structure were extracted from the video signals, and the modal properties, including natural frequencies, damping ratios, and mode shapes, were identified using the transmissibility matrix method. The results obtained from the proposed method were compared with the stochastic subspace identification (SSI) method and analytical solutions. The findings reveal the accuracy of the modal identification approach introduced in this article. The highest relative error in estimating the natural frequencies of the first and second modes, compared to the values from the laser method, are 0.19% and 0.13%, respectively, and in comparison to the analytical values, they are 0.34% and 1.5%, respectively.

Objective: SURROGATE motherhood represents one of the most controversial forms of commercialization in reproduction Since it was first applied twenty-three years ago in Great Britain, it has been a subject of numerous ethical, medical and legal discussions, and its outcomes have often had epilogues in long-lasting court proceedings.Materials and Methods: Consideration of SURROGATE motherhood in light of numerous ethical dilemmas that this form of reproduction brings.Results: In the case of commercial SURROGATE motherhood there are analysts who are in favor, and those who are explicitly against this method of producing offspring. Thus the advocates of SURROGATE motherhood believe it is acceptable in case it does not cause harm to any other being, and also that every female person has the right to have children, even through SURROGATE motherhood, if that will make her happy, and therefore SURROGATE motherhood should be allowed in the whole world. Opposed to this are the viewpoints that SURROGATE motherhood is not ethical, as it represents parenthood for profit, exploits women of weaker material status, reduces women’s honor. From the ethical point of view, there are additional imposing questions, such as: what should be done if a SURROGATE mother decides to keep the child? What if she wants to visit the child? Is giving a baby over after delivery actually a classical sale? Is renting of SURROGATE mothers moral and under which conditions, and what kind of women could be SURROGATE mothers? If we assume that SURROGATE motherhood is actually legally permitted, a question is raised whether that would result in certain women simply deciding to, out of pure convenience, produce all their children in a way that their child is carried by another person. Considering that in most cases it is the women of lower economic class who apply to be SURROGATE mothers, such contracts could perhaps lead to another division between the rich and the poor. A separate issue is the morality of a SURROGATE mother and her approach to pregnancy in relation to her previous way of life. On the other hand, the necessary ethical approach of contractors – customers of a SURROGATE mother is not negligible in cases when she gives birth to a disabled or malformed child, or becomes ill during pregnancy, and suffers death in pregnancy or at labour.Conclusion: A desire for motherhood is one of fundamental aspirations that accompany the mankind through centuries. One of the ways to realize it in the last decades has also been the commercial SURROGATE motherhood. Still, it is prohibited in a large number of countries as an unethical method of trade in human life, together with the opinion that it represents exploitation of women and their organs. However, the justification of such a solution needs to be considered in couples that due to objective reasons have SURROGATE motherhood as the only option. Considering a series of not only ethical, but also medical, legal and social controversies that accompany commercial SURROGATE motherhood, it should be strictly limited by a reaction of the criminal law. That would prevent manipulations, and a possibility for such contracts to result in long-lasting court proceedings that will impair the quality of life of not only the contractors and the SURROGATE mother, but also of the child born this way.

Introduction: Assisted reproductive technology has greatly revolutionized chances of reproduction offered to infertile couples and it has helped them maintain their family integrity. This technology, like any other new medical technology, has brought up questions regarding its ethical goodness or badness. As its objectives, this article discusses the ethical issues regarding SURROGATE motherhood according to bioethical principles.Materials & Methods: Autonomy is one of bioethical principles, which its implication in surrogacy is referred to as refraining from safe life style, prenatal care or refusal of giving the child to its genetic parents. Complete consultation by independent specialists for all the involved parties could maintain the individual′s autonomy in giving voluntary informed consent to this technique and increase her commitment toward the desired responsibility in the contract. Other ethical principles, which are brought up in this process, are beneficence and non-malfeasance. To regard these moral principles, all screening procedures and physical examinations should be practiced with utmost care to minimize any risk to the SURROGATE mother and the baby. Justice is another ethical issue which is observed in this technology. Surrogacy as a means of commercial profit is instrumentalization and exploitation of low-income women for the interest of high-income people. Establishing methods to control payment for surrogacy and making it an altruistic act, instead of a business, could help eliminate this unethical aspect.Conclusion: Surrogacy could be an ethically acceptable and altruistic act for helping infertile couples if all ethical standards are practiced. Supervision of independent ethics committees is essential for assuring the fulfillment of these standards.

In reproduction method using SURROGATE womb, after fertilization of egg from a woman with sperm of her spouse, the resulting embryo is transferred to the womb of another woman (SURROGATE) by mutual consent and bilateral agreement. Considering the variety of new methods in artificial reproduction, two ways can be applied: 1) SURROGATE womb with use of the spouses' embryo, and 2) SURROGATE womb for donated embryo. In both ways, both women, (egg donor and SURROGATE womb) played a role in reproduction. Since both of the methods are somehow similar, for the woman possessing the womb, different rights can be considered. There is not a law in force for use of SURROGATE womb yet, the existing custorms in this regard can deteriorate or create certain rights for the woman's rights. Therefore, there is a necessity to develop identical rights for use of SURROGATE womb. This paper examines the status of the woman possessing womb according to use of each of the two methods.

Introduction: Surrogacy is a treatment option available to women with medical problems, including malformations of uterus, like mullerian agenesis, to help them have their own genetic children. The indications for this infertility treatment option include absent uterus, recurrent abortions, repeated IVF failures and some other medical conditions. With regards to the effects of this approach on patients’ lives, it is necessary to evaluate the psychological and social aspects of SURROGATE motherhood. The purpose of this study is to review the results of researches done on surrogacy, experiences of SURROGATE mothers and the effect of this method on their marital and social relationships and their psychological health.Materials & Methods: This article is a literature review of articles published from 1990 to 2007.Results: It has been suggested that relinquishing the child may be extremely distressing and may result in psychological problems for SURROGATE mothers. It has also been feared that the SURROGATE mother may prenatally form a bond with the baby that would make it particularly difficult for her to hand over the child to the commissioning parents. For those women who do relinquish the child, the risk of post-natal depression, as well as feelings of anger or guilt, may add further strain to the woman's psychological health. Such that woman may enter into surrogacy arrangements because of financial hardship without being fully aware of its potential risks. Other concerns relating to surrogacy include the impact on the SURROGATE mother's partner, her parents or any existing children, and its destabilizing effects on her family integrity. On the other hand, case series that have explored the experiences of SURROGATEs and commissioners, have not noted any substantial psychological problems and SURROGATEs have not experienced a higher than average postpartum depression rate. By a comprehensive and precise consultation and support of an expert team, many of these SURROGATE mothers could experience this period positively.Conclusion: SURROGATE pregnancy should be treated as a high-risk psychological experience. In addition, it is recommended that SURROGATEs receive professional counseling before, during and after pregnancy.